KARBOHIDRAT
- Karbohidrat berasal dari kata karbon (C) dan hidrogen (H)
- Karbohidrat terdiri dari atom C, H dan O dengan rumus molekul Cn(H2O)m
- Nama lain dari karbohidrat adalah sakarida, berasal dari bahasa latin saccharum.
- Karbohidrat merupakan bahan makanan pokok
Penggolongan Karbohidrat
MONOSAKARIDA (monosaccharide)
- Fruktosa (ketoheksosa)
- Glukosa (aldoheksosa)
- Galaktosa (aldoheksosa)
Monosakarida – Fruktosa
- Fruktosa → C6H12O6 → gula buah
- Banyak terdapat dalam madu, buah-buahan
- Mempunyai sifat mereduksi :
Larutan fehling → endapan merah bata
Larutan tollens → cermin perak
- Kegunaan → sirup dalam industri makanan & minuman → tingkat kemanisan 1,73 x gula pasir
Monosakarida – Glukosa
- Glukosa → C6H12O6 → dekstrosa/gula anggur/gula darah
- Banyak terdapat dalam anggur dan darah.
- Mempunyai sifat mereduksi :
Larutan fehling → endapan merah bata
Larutan tollens → cermin perak
- Industri permen atau biscuit
- Tingkat kemanisan 0,74 x gula pasir tetapi mempunyai sifat tetap keras dan tidak higroskopis
Monosakarida – Galaktosa
- Struktur sama dengan glukosa hanya salah satu isomer optik.
- Tidak terdapat dalam keadaan bebas tapi diperoleh dari hidrolisis laktosa (susu sapi)
Laktosa glukosa + galaktosa
Berdasarkan gugus karbonil yg diikat :
Jika gugus aldehid → aldosa
Jika gugus karbonil keton → ketosa
Sifat-sifat Monosakarida:
- Kelarutan dalam air → semua monosakarida merupakan zat padat berwarna putih yg mudah larut dalam air.
- Mutarotasi → larutan monosakarida mengalami perubahan sudut putaran.
- Oksidasi → semua monosakarida (aldose & ketosa) merupakan reduktor (mengalami oksidasi) → merubah warna pereaksi fehling & tollens
Disakarida (Disaccharide)
Polisakarida (Polysaccharide)
Amilum ( Pati )
- Merupakan rangkaian dari glukosa → 200 – 3000 monomer glukosa.
- Terdapat pada beras, singkong, kentang, jagung atau biji-bijian sejenis
Selulosa:
- Merupakan rangkaian dari glukosa
- Perbedaan amilum dgn selulosa → struktur molekul. Perbedaan inilah yg menyebabkan tubuh kita hanya mampu mencerna amilum dan tidak mampu mencerna selulosa.
- Terdapat pada serat kayu, rayon.
Glikogen:
- Zat makanan cadangan dlm tubuh manusia/hewan.
- Merupakan rangkaian dari glukosa.
- Glikogen terbentuk dr kelebihan glukosa (oleh insulin) dlm tubuh → disimpan dalam otot → diuraikan kembali jika kurang bahan bakar glukosa.
- Penderita diabetes (insulin rusak) → glukosa dlm darah tidak dapat diubah menjadi glikogen → kadar glukosa dlm darah meningkat.
Dekstrin:
- Dekstrin adalah hasil antara pada proses hidrolisis amilum sebelum terbentuknya maltose.
- Amilum → dekstrin à maltose
- Sebagai bahan perekat
Fungsi Karbohidrat:
Reaksi pengenalan karbohidrat:
- Uji umum karbohidrat → uji molisch → warna merah-ungu
- Uji Lugol → amilum → ungu
- Uji Iodin → amilum → biru-ungu
- Fehling → uji monosakarida dan disakarida (kecuali sukrosa) → endapan merah bata.
PROTEIN
- Protein tersusun oleh molekul asam amino.
- Asam amino berikatan dgn asam amino lainnya melalui ikatan peptida
Asam Amino
Penggolongan Protein:
Enzim
- Protein yg berfungsi sbg biokatalisator
- Contoh ribonuklease, tripsin
Protein transpor
- Protein yg mengikat & memindahkan molekul atau ion spesifik
- hemoglobin, lipoprotein
Protein nutrient & penyimpan
- Protein yg berfungsi sbg cadangan makanan
- Protein yg terdapat dalam biji-bijian, ovalbumin pd telur
Protein kontraktil
- Protein yg memberikan kemampuan pd sel utk mengubah bentuk atau bergerak
- Aktin dan miosin
Protein struktur
- Protein yg berperan sbg penyangga utk memberikan struktur biologi kekuatan atau perlindungan
- Kolagen, keratin, fibroin
Protein pertahanan/antibodi
- Protein yg melindungi organisme thd serangan organisme lain
- Immunoglobin, fibrinogen, trombin
Protein pengatur
- Protein yang berfungsi mengatur aktivias seluler atau fisiologis
- Hormon insulin, hormone pertumbuhan
LEMAK – FAT
Sama seperti karbohidrat, lemak tersusun oleh C, H dan O, kadang ada P dan N. Lemak dan minyak secara kimia adalah sama yaitu ester trigliserida yaitu 3 buah asam lemak yang terikat pada struktur gliserol.
Lemak
- Pada suhu kamar berwujud padat
- Kebanyakan dari hewani seperti lemak domba, lemak susu, lemak babi.
Minyak:
- Pada suhu kamar berwujud cair
- Kebanyakan dari nabati seperti minyak kelapa, minyak kedelai, minyak biji bunga matahari.
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